Urban air pollution comes from transport, energy use, industry, construction, waste burning, and other sources. Climate-related conditions such as extreme heat, stagnant air, dust, and wildfire smoke can increase pollution exposure or make polluted episodes more difficult to manage.
Fine particles, nitrogen dioxide, ground-level ozone, and other pollutants accumulate where emissions are high and air circulation is limited. Heat and sunlight can contribute to ozone formation, while wildfire smoke and dust may travel long distances and affect cities far from their original source.
Air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease, stroke, lung cancer, and premature death. Children, older adults, people with existing health conditions, and communities near busy roads or polluting land uses may face greater exposure. Poor air quality can also restrict outdoor activity and affect schools, workplaces, and public services.
Cities can reduce pollution through cleaner public transport, walking and cycling networks, low-emission energy, efficient buildings, industrial controls, and improved waste management. Monitoring and public alerts should be combined with clean-air spaces, appropriate indoor filtration, and land-use decisions that reduce exposure around homes, schools, and healthcare facilities.
